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Apple Open Directory is the LDAPdirectory service model implementation from Apple Inc. A directory service is software which stores and organizes information about a computer network's users and network resources and which allows network administrators to manage users' access to the resources.

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In the context of macOS Server, Open Directory describes a shared LDAPv3 directory domain and a corresponding authentication model composed of Apple Password Server and Kerberos 5 tied together using a modular Directory Services system. Apple Open Directory is a fork of OpenLDAP.

The term Open Directory can also be used to describe the entire directory services framework used by macOS and macOS Server. In this context, it describes the role of a macOS or macOS Server system when it is connected to an existing directory domain, in which context it is sometimes referred to as Directory Services.

Apple, Inc. also publishes an API called the OpenDirectory framework, permitting macOS applications to interrogate and edit the Open Directory data.[1]

With the release of Mac OS X Leopard (10.5), Apple chose to move away from using the NetInfo directory service (originally found in NeXTSTEP and OpenStep), which had been used by default for all local accounts and groups in every release of Mac OS X from 10.0 to 10.4. Mac OS X 10.5 now uses Directory Services and its plugins for all directory information. Local accounts are now registered in the Local Plugin, which uses XML property list (plist) files stored in /var/db/dslocal/nodes/Default/ as its backing storage.[2]

Implementation in macOS Server[edit]

macOS Server can host an Open Directory domain when configured as an Open Directory Master. In addition to its local directory, this OpenLDAP-based LDAPv3 domain is designed to store centralized management data, user, group, and computer accounts, which other systems can access. The directory domain is paired with the Open Directory Password Server and, optionally, a Kerberos realm. Either provides an authentication model and stores password information outside of the directory domain itself.[3]

For Kerberos authentication, the Kerberos realm can either be hosted by a Kerberos key distribution center (KDC) running on the server system, or the server can participate in an existing Kerberos realm.

For services that are not Kerberized, the Password Server provides the following Simple Authentication and Security Layer-based authentication methods:[4]

  • NTLM v1 and v2

Any Mac OS X Server system prior to 10.7 (Lion) configured as an Active Directory Master can act as a Windows Primary Domain Controller (PDC), providing domain authentication services to Microsoft Windows clients.[5]

Directory services framework[edit]

In a more general sense, Open Directory can describe the plugins model used by Directory Utility and the directory services framework in macOS and macOS Server. This could be thought of as analogous to the Name Service Switch systems of some other Unix-likeoperating systems. When connected to a directory system, a macOS client or Server can authenticate users, lookup contacts, perform service discovery and name resolution with the following types of directories:[6]

  • Authentication and contacts
    • Microsoft Active Directory
    • LDAPv3, including an Open Directory domain or RFC 2307-compliant system
    • Apple/NeXT NetInfo domains
    • BSD flat files and NIS
  • Service discovery and name resolution
    • Windows (NetBIOS and WINS)

History[edit]

Open Directory began with Mac OS X Server 10.2. In this initial form, Open Directory consisted of a network-visible NetInfo directory domain and a corresponding Authentication Manager service for storing passwords outside of the directory. Version 10.2 also included support for Kerberos.[7] Mac OS X versions 10.1 and 10.0 stored user password information within the directory domain using crypt password authentication authorities, but version 10.2 paved the way for the current Shadow Hash and Password Server mechanisms.[8]

Password Server is the successor to Authentication Manager, and was introduced in Open Directory 2 in Mac OS X Server 10.3. Open Directory 2 was also the first version to use LDAPv3 as the directory domain.

Mac OS X Server 10.4 includes Open Directory 3, which introduced Active Directory domain member support, trusted directory binding, and increased robustness.[9]

Mac OS X Server 10.5 features Open Directory 4 with support for cross-domain authorization and a built-in RADIUS server for managing AirPort base stations.[10] Open Directory 4 no longer includes elements of NetInfo.[11]

See More[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^'OpenDirectory Release Notes at developer.apple.com'. Retrieved 2010-04-21.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  2. ^'Directory Services source code at www.opensource.apple.com'. Retrieved 2009-09-02.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  3. ^'Mac OS X Server: Open Directory Administration, page 40'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2007-06-07.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  4. ^'Mac OS X Server: Open Directory Administration, page 50'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2007-06-07.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  5. ^'Server Admin 10.4 Help: Setting Up a Server as a Primary Domain Controller'. Retrieved 2007-06-07.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  6. ^'Mac OS X Server: Open Directory Administration, chapter 7'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2007-06-07.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  7. ^'Apple - Mac OS X Server 10.2: How to Integrate Services With Kerberos'. Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2007-06-08.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  8. ^'Mac OS X Server: Open Directory Administration, page 41'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2007-06-08.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  9. ^'Apple - Mac OS X Server - Open Directory'. Retrieved 2007-06-08.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  10. ^'Apple - Mac OS X Server - Technology - Open Directory'. Retrieved 2007-12-21.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  11. ^'AFP548 - Leopard Server Part 2 - Local Directory Services'. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2007-12-21.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
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Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Open_Directory&oldid=963430401'
Profile Manager allows you to leave certain fields that are user-centric blank and it will prompt at the time that the profile is installed for the blank information. These are usually user-centric fields, such as short name and password. You can also create a profile in Profile Manager for each user you want to setup mail, Exchange, iCal, Address Book and other services that are tied to a specific user. You can enter the username for each and leave the password blank and the user will be prompted for the password but have the username filled in. And then there are payload variables. Note: Before we get started on Payload Variables, it's worth noting that many did not work well prior to 10.7.3, most notably %email%. Profile Manager provides a number of ways to configure accounts and settings on iOS based devices. When a user logs in, the user's name, email address, title, phone number and both the short name and GUID of the user's account are able to be substituted using variables. These variables have a % in front of and behind the name of the variable, making them easy to identify when looking at accounts. These can easily be put into a profile's payload. When a user logs in the contents of the payload variable are replaced with the information for the account that logged in using the /MyDevices page in the web enrollment interface. When the enrollment profile is downloaded to the device, the variable is substituted with the user's information from directory services (for user payloads) or from the device itself (for device payloads). Using payload variables is a really straight forward process. First, create a profile by logging into the Profile Manager web interface (the name of the server followed by /ProfileManager. When prompted, provide the username and password for an administrative account. Click on a group or user who you would like to configure a profile for. From the profile screen, select the payload that you'd like to configure. Enter the variable into the field(s) you'd like the substitution to occur in. For example, here I'm using a variable everywhere currently possible. Note: You can wrap the variable with other text. For example, if you enter krypton.com/%short_name% then for a user of cedge the variable would expand as krypton.com/cedge, useful in doing Exchange configurations. Variables available for use include user and device variables. These user variables are as follows:
  • %email% – The email address (the EMailAddress attribute)
  • %first_name% – The first name (the FirstName attribute)
  • %full_name% – The full name (the RealName attribute)
  • %guid% The guid (the GeneratedID attribute)
  • %last_name% – The last name (the LastName attribute)
  • %job_title% The job title (the JobTitle attribute)
  • %mobile_phone% The mobile number (the MobileNumber attribute)
  • %short_name% The short name (the RecordName attribute, typically the name of the account )

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The device variables are as follow:
  • %BuildVersion% – Full OS version on the device
  • %ICCID% – ICCID (from the SIM card)
  • %IMEI% – IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
  • %OSVersion% – Common version number of the device's OS
  • %ProductName% – Product name
  • %SerialNumber% – Serial number
  • %WIFIMAC% – MAC address of the WiFi interface

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There are also 802.1x variables, which include the following:

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  • %AD_ComputerID%
  • %AD_Domain%
  • %AD_DomainForestName%
  • %AD_DomainGuid%
  • %AD_DomainNameDNS%
  • %AD_KerberosID%
  • %ComputerName%
  • %HardwareUUID%
  • %HostName%
  • %LocalHostName%
  • %MACAddress%
  • %SerialNumber%




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